STUDY GUIDE FOR

Children by John W. Santrock

 

Prior to the class during which the chapter is assigned, complete the reading.  Use this study guide to take notes on a separate sheet of paper.  Bring your notes to class.

 

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION

  • Define the following terms:
    • development
    • context
  • List factors which put children at risk for developmental difficulties.
  • What are some of the contexts I which children’s development occurs?
  • Describe the nature vs. nurture debate.
  • Describe the continuity vs. discontinuity issue.
  • Describe the early vs. later experiences debate.

 

FOCUS ON FREUD’S PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

(pages 17, 42-43, 345-346)

  • Define the following terms:
    • id
    • ego
    • superego
  • Describe Freud’s psychosexual theory.  What influences on development does it emphasize?
  • Complete the following table with information about Freud’s theory.

Name of Stage

Ages

Describe Stage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CHAPTER 2 – THE SCIENCE OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT

  • Define the following terms:
    • scientific method
    • observational learning/modeling
    • naturalistic observation
    • interview
    • survey
    • standardized test
    • psychophysiological measures
    • case study
    • descriptive research
    • correlational research
    • experiment
    • experimental group
    • control group
    • cross-sectional approach
    • longitudinal approach
  • Describe the following behavioral theories:
    • Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning
    • Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
    • Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory
  • Why can’t correlational research determine cause?  What kind of research can determine cause?
  • Describe some of the kinds of bias that may exist in research.  Why does bias occur?
  • List guidelines to help you think critically about research.

 

PIAGET’S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY

(pages 45-46, 210-215, 305-310, 414-418, 539-541)

  • Define the following terms:
    • schemes
    • assimilation
    • accommodation
  • Describe Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory.  What influences on development does it emphasize?
  • Complete the following table with information about Piaget’s theory.

Name of Stage

Ages

Describe Stage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
  • Define each of the following terms and tell the stage of Piaget’s development during which it appears.
    • object permanence
    • egocentrism
    • animism
    • conservation
    • classification
    • seriation
    • transitivity
    • hypothetical-deductive reasoning
    • adolescent egocentrism

 

ERIKSON’S PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

(pages 43-45, 252, 253-254, 340-341, 461, 551)

  • Describe Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory.  What influences on development does it emphasize?
  • Complete the following table with information about Erikson’s theory.

Name of Stage

Ages

Describe Stage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

VYGOTSKY’S SOCIOCULTURAL COGNITIVE THEORY

(pages 47-48, 310-313)

  • Define the following terms:
    • zone of proximal development
    • scaffolding
    • inner speech/private speech
    • guided participation
  • Describe Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Cognitive Theory.  What influences on development does it emphasize?

 

CHAPTER 3 – BIOLOGICAL BEGINNINGS

  • Define the following terms:
    • natural selection
    • genetic loading
  • Complete this grid showing the possible genetic outcomes a child born to two parents with brown hair (i.e., B) but a recessive gene for blond hair (i.e., b):

 

B

b

B

 

 

b

 

 
  • List some genetic disorders.
  • What are some of the challenges exhibited by many adopted children? 
  • What is the outcome of most adoptions regarding the child’s development and family’s satisfaction?
  • What does current research tell us about the nature vs. nurture debate?

 

CHAPTER 4 – PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

  • Define the following terms:
    • teratogen
  • What are some influences on fetal development?
  • List some teratogens.

 

CHAPTER 5 – BIRTH

  • Define the following terms:
    • small for date infants/small for gestational age infants
    • kangaroo care
    • postpartum depression
    • bonding
  • Preterm infants are those born how many weeks before their due date?
  • Low birth weight infants are those born weighing less than how many pounds at birth?
  • What are the long-term outcomes of low birth weight?
  • Describe three ways to nurture preterm infants.
  • Describe the APGAR scale.  What are its strengths?

 

CHAPTER 6 – PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY

  • Define the following terms:
    • gross motor skills
    • fine motor skills
    • intermodal perception
  • Describe what is meant by the saying that the physical growth of infants is cephalocaudal.
  • Describe what is meant by the saying that the physical growth of infants is proximodistal.
  • Describe infant’s growth during the first year.  How quickly do infants grow?
  • What are some risk factors for SIDS?
  • What are some of benefits of breast feeding?
  • Describe some of the infant’s reflexes.
  • List five gross motor skills developed in the first year of life (i.e., birth to age 1).  List five gross motor skills developed in the second year of life (i.e., ages 1-2).
  • List five fine motor skills developed in the first year of life (i.e., birth to age 1).  List five fine motor skills developed in the second year of life (i.e., ages 1-2).
  • Describe the development of an infant’s vision acuity from birth through age 12 months.
  • Describe the development of an infant’s hearing from the prenatal period through age 2 years.
  • Describe a newborn’s sense of touch.
  • Describe a newborn’s sense of smell.
  • Describe a newborn’s sense of taste.
  • Describe the development of intermodal perception from birth through age 12 months.

 

CHAPTER 7 – COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY

  • Define the following terms:
    • child-directed speech/motherese/parentese
    • recasting
    • expanding
    • labeling
  • Infants are in which stage of development according to Piaget?
  • What are two environmental influences on cognitive development?
  • Describe how to facilitate the language development of infants.
  • Describe how to facilitate the language development of toddlers.
  • List ten language skills developed during the first two years and the approximate timing of each.

 

CHAPTER 8 – SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY

  • Define the following terms:
    • reflexive smile
    • social smile
    • stranger anxiety
    • emotional regulation
    • temperament
    • goodness of fit
    • attachment
    • scaffolding
  • List the primary emotions.  When are they first exhibited?
  • List the self-conscious emotions to appear in infancy.  When are they first exhibited?
  • When does separation protest peak?
  • Describe the implications of temperament on parenting.
  • Infants are in which stage of development according to Erikson?
  • What are the four types of responses to the strange situation?  Describe each.
  • In general, describe the behavior of caregivers of securely attached infants.
  • In general, describe the behavior of caregivers of insecurely attached infants.
  • Describe the results of studies on the results of child care.
  • List the recommendations by NAEYCdefining high-quality child care.

 

CHAPTER 9 – PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

  • Describe preschooler’s growth.  How quickly do preschoolers grow?
  • List some reasons for individual variations in growth rates.
  • List five gross motor skills developed in the fourth year of life (i.e., ages 3-4).  List five gross motor skills developed in the fifth year of life (i.e., ages 4-5).  List five gross motor skills developed in the sixth year of life (i.e., ages 5-6).
  • List five fine motor skills developed in the fourth year of life (i.e., ages 3-4).  List five fine motor skills developed in the fifth year of life (i.e., ages 4-5).  List five fine motor skills developed in the sixth year of life (i.e., ages 5-6).
  • What is the leading cause of death in children?
  • What are some of the factors that cause low income to be linked with poor health in young children?
  • List three challenges caused by lead poisoning.

 

CHAPTER 10 – COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

  • Define the following terms:
    • developmentally appropriate practice
    • school readiness
    • academic readshirting
  • Describe the Regio Emilia approach.
  • Preschoolers are in which stage of development according to Piaget?
  • What is the zone of proximal development?  Describe how Vygotsky visualizes adults supporting children’s learning through scaffolding.
  • Compare and contrast Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of development.
  • Should the oddities of young children’s language be treated as mistakes?
  • Give an example of a preschooler overgeneralizing (also called overregularlization) a grammar rule.
  • Describe the Montessori approach.
  • Discuss the controversy regarding whether preschools should use a child-centered, constructivist approach or an academic, instructivist approach. 
  • What does NAEYC stand for?  What type of approach do they endorse?
  • List some results of highly academically oriented preschools.
  • According to NAEYC, proponents of school readiness should commit to what?
  • What does the research say about academic redshirting?
  • What does the research say about holding back kindergartners.
  • What is meant by the “whole child?”

 

CHAPTER 11 – SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

  • Define the following terms:
    • gender role
    • play
    • unoccupied play
    • solitary play
    • onlooker play
    • parallel play
    • associative play
    • cooperative play
    • sensorimotor play
    • practice play/mastery play
    • pretense play/symbolic play
    • social play
    • games
  • Preschoolers are in which stage of development according to Erikson?
  • Which self-conscious emotions begin to appear at around age 2 ½?  Why?
  • What can teachers do to help preschoolers understand their emotions?
  • Describe moral development according to Piaget.
  • List five influences on gender differences.
  • Complete the following table about parenting styles.

 

Name of Parenting Style

Describe Parenting

Children’s Behavior Associated with This Style

low structure – low nurture

 

 

 

low structure – high nurture

 

 

 

high structure – low nurture

 

 

 

high structure – high nurture

 

 

 
  • In general, how do American parents feel about spanking?
  • Describe children’s behavior associated with spanking.
  • Describe the risk factors for child abuse.  Who is the typical child abuser?
  • Describe children’s behavior associated with child abuse.
  • Why is play important?

 

CHAPTER 12 – PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD

  • Define the following terms:
    • inclusion
  • List two gross motor skills developed at age 6.  List two gross motor skills developed at age 7.  List two gross motor skills developed at age 8.  List two gross motor skills developed at age 9.  List two gross motor skills developed at ages 10 & 11.
  • List two fine motor skills developed at age 6.  List two fine motor skills developed at age 7.  List two fine motor skills developed at age 8.  List one fine motor skills developed at age 9.  List two fine motor skills developed at ages 10 & 11.
  • What is IDEA?
  • What does IEP stand for?  What is it?
  • What does LRE stand for?  Describe this concept.

 

CHAPTER 13 – COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD

  • Define the following terms:
    • intelligence
    • intelligence quotient
  • Elementary school age children are in which stage of development according to Piaget?
  • What are two modern sets of IQ tests?
  • What is Gardner’s view regarding IQ tests?
  • List the eight intelligences described by Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory.
  • What is some of the research supporting genetic influences on intelligence?
  • What does research say regarding environmental influences on intelligence?  List four environmental conditions which can impact intelligence.
  • Discuss the difficulties surrounding the development of tests without bias.

 

CHAPTER 14 – SOCIOEMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD

  • Define the following terms:
    • self-esteem
    • gender stereotypes
    • androgyny
  • How can children’s self-esteem be increased?
  • Elementary school age children are in which stage of development according to Erikson?
  • Complete the following table with information about Kohlberg’s theory.

 

Name of Stage

 How Are Moral Decisions Made During This Stage?

LEVEL 1

 

 
  • Stage 1

 

 
  • Stage 2

 

 

LEVEL 2

 

 
  • Stage 3

 

 
  • Stage 4

 

 

Level 3

 

 
  • Stage 5

 

 
  • Stage 6

 

 
  • What are some of the qualities associated with androgyny?
  • Discuss the following societal changes in families: stepfamilies, latchkey children, gay & lesbian parents.
  • Describe the following peer statuses: popular children, average children, neglected children, rejected children, and controversial children.
  • How can teachers improve relationships among ethnically diverse students?